Tuesday, January 15, 2008

Proudly his father's son
May 18, 2007

Pop & Jazz Critic

You expect to hear Bob Marley songs at a reggae concert, whether it's the DJ spinning them during intermission or covers by the headliner; 26 years after his death, the King of Reggae still resonates.

When the performer in question is his widow, former bandmate or offspring, the nostalgic medley is typically relegated to the bottom half of the show, after the crowd (and there is always one, even when the Marley connection is tenuous) has been dazzled by their material.

Though he took the stage an hour late for his Tuesday night gig at the Phoenix, Stephen Marley didn't waste time.

The first song from the second of Bob's seven sons was the late great's "Roots, Rock, Reggae."

With a guitar strapped across his torso and that mid-reverie tendency to hold his left hand to his forehead, locks swinging, 35-year-old Marley was in full dad mode.

He followed with "Chase Dem" from his acclaimed solo debut Mind Control and continued alternating his tunes with his father's gems for the first half of the 90-minute set.

Accompanied by an 11-piece Wailers-style band and two fierce back-up dancers updating the I-Three's moves (despite one with a distracting, oh-so-impolitic hair weave) his works are rootsier than eldest brother Ziggy's current fusion fare and more traditional than youngest brother Damian's dancehall reggae-rap oeuvre.

But like those better known brothers, Stephen Marley executes the King's originals with aplomb, branding them with precision endings and modern grooves.

With his own lyrics echoing the family's trademark call for unity, he halted the music to lecture: "They use politics and race and religion to divide us, (but) we are one people."

A more contemporary vibe emerged once he brought out little brother Damian "Jr. Gong" Marley, 28, to perform several of the hits from his Grammy-winning disc Welcome to Jamrock.

That album was produced by Stephen, who has been criticized for dipping into his dad's catalogue to fashion dance remixes and rap collaborations for his brothers and others.

But with a sold-out Phoenix audience of 1,100 frat boys, Rastas, hipsters and Boomers, and his own young son onstage dancing and waving a flag throughout the gig, which ended past midnight, it would appear the father of eight has the Marley legacy well in hand.

Bob Marley's classic Exodus album re-released for 30th anniversary

Bob Marley’s Exodus album will be reissued on USB memory sticks to mark the 30th anniversary of its release on May 28.

The USB memory stick will be limited to 4,000 copies and will also include three videos filmed at London’s Rainbow Theatre in June 1977.

n addition, it will also be released on micro SD memory card format – of which just 2,000 will be released – and two different CDs.

One CD will come in a hardback case, while the deluxe CD version will also include a DVD featuring 12 songs recorded live at Bob’s concerts at the Rainbow Theatre in London.

David Corio's best shot

'I was chest-deep in water and down to my last frame. I clicked the shutter - and got it'

Interview by Leo Benedictus
Thursday May 17, 2007
The Guardian


In 1980, the last full year of Bob Marley's life, the NME asked me to shoot his gig at Crystal Palace Bowl. He only performed about eight more before he died. There was a big lake right in front of the stage, so photographers had to stand 50 yards away. I remember Joe Jackson performing there once. Someone found a dead duck and threw it at him. It hit him in the chest and he just walked off, understandably.

after a few shots, I hadn't got anything, so I put a camera and film in a carrier bag, and just waded in. It was chest-deep. A bunch of fans had jumped in, so there was lots of splashing. It was difficult holding a carrier bag up in the air with one hand and the camera with the other.

Bob was also really difficult to shoot. He was almost in a trance, dancing like a shaman. His locks were thrashing around and it was hard to capture a good expression when they weren't totally covering his face. I wouldn't have known at the time that he was ill.

I got down to my last shot, the 37th frame on my last roll of film, and waited - and just managed to capture it all at the right moment. There have been a few times over the years when, just as you click the shutter, you feel that you've got it. This was one of them.

But the NME didn't print it. They chose a singing-into-the-microphone shot. I was 20, just starting, and I'd only done a dozen jobs, so I was glad to get the gig. But I was a bit peeved.

The picture has been used over the years because of its graphic quality as much as anything. I tried getting rid of the little bit of the microphone stand in the corner, but the result just looks too clean to me. The image sums up that day. I went home on the tube covered in green slime and stinking of old pondlife.

· Memoirs from the Mosh Pit, an exhibition of photographs by David Corio, is at the Rockarchive Gallery, London, until June 1. Details: 020-7376 7129

David Corio's photographs of Bob Marley and other subjects can be seen on his website

Europe, Africa, Jamaica (Pt III)
published: Wednesday | May 16, 2007

Peter Espeut

I have been commenting on the powerful 1997 book, Jamaica Genesis by anthropologist Diane Austin-Broos, in which she proposes a plausible theory of the evolution of Jamaican culture. It is a theory of conflict: after Emancipation the African-based religion dominant in Jamaica came into conflict with (non-Anglican) Protestant Christianity from England to produce a Jamaican version of Christianity underpinned with an African understanding of spirits and how to control them. And in the early 20th century this synthesis came into conflict with ecstatic Pentecostalism from America producing a new synthesis more in tune with the African view of spirits and how the world works.

In the 19th century, adopting non-conformist Protestant Christianity was one way of challenging Jamaica's oppressive domestic economic, social and political arrangements supported by the British Parliament and the Anglican Church. In the first half of the 20th century adopting American Pentecostalism was one way of challenging the rigid colour/class system of pre-Independence Jamaica dominated by the colonial state and the now mainstream (British) non-Conformist Christianity.

Religious hybrid

Remember that neither the 'pure' Baptist faith brought by the English nor the 'pure' Pentecostalism brought by the Americans was what we adopted in Jamaica; over the last 200 years we developed a religious hybrid - a syncretism - with a strong African foundation in the background. Beneath the surface is belief in duppies, dreams and divination; and some resort to obeah if Christian prayer fails. The more ecstatic (Puk-)Kumina, Revival Zion and Myal are in the picture, but on the fringe, since they are less respectable and less socially acceptable.

Jamaica's culture of protest is deeply ingrained. Remember that in Atlantic slave history Jamaica had the greatest number of slave revolts, and (except for Haiti) the most serious ones. And after Emancipation there were: the Kingston John Canoe Riots of 1840; the Buie Riots of 1859 in Falmouth; the Morant Bay Rebellion of 1865; the Montego Bay Riots of 1902; the riotsagainst the Chinese in 1918 beginning in Ewarton; the 1938 disturbances in Islington, Frome and the Kingston waterfront; the Rodney riots of 1969; widespread blocking of roads in the 1970s, '80s and '90s; all these indicate a seething discontent with Jamaica as it is, and readiness to take to the streets.

The emergence of Rastafarianism in the 1940s was another profound protest against Jamaican society which had failed to produce real equality after Emancipation. Dressed in religious garb, Rastafarianism began as a rejection of Jamaican economy, polity and society containing the unrighted wrongs of slavery. The fact that Rastas pay no homage to the Jamaican flag (the Black, Green and Gold) but rather to the 'Ites' (Red) Green and Gold is an indication of where true loyalties lie. Disrespect for the national anthem shows that many Jamaicans do not believe independent Jamaica is organised for their benefit, any more than slave Jamaica or colonial Jamaica was.

The spread of Rasta as a religion to the far corners of the globe is due less to belief in the divinity of Selassie than to its rejection of capitalism and warmongering. The characteristic dress and hairstyle of Rasta, and its rejection of wage slavery (employment), are a profound rejection of Western ideals and standards.

Rasta elements captured popular music in the 1960s, and reggae was born, songs of protest which matched Bob Dylan and Joan Baez, and then went further. Its worldwide popularity is not just because of its pulsating beat, but because of its message rejecting the domination of so many by Western white Christian capitalism. Globally, reggae has positioned itself as the musical voice of the oppressed, because it is grounded in an experience of oppression at home. We need to understand what Bob means when he sings, "I want to disturb my neighbour".

The protest continues today: on talk shows, in the music, rejection of mainstream churches, refusing to register to vote and refusing to vote, dropping out of the formal economy, street protests; and by the large numbers who migrate elsewhere to work hard for the rewards they cannot get here. And most notably, a main vehicle of protest against injustice is through crime. Crime won't be contained until Jamaica becomes a more just society, and comes to closure with our oppressive past.

Icon: Marcia Griffiths - Feel like jumping after 40 years
published: Tuesday | May 15, 2007


Marcia Griffiths in performance. - Nathaniel Stewart/Freelance Photographer

Howard Campbell, Gleaner Writer

THE MUSIC scene in Jamaica was on the verge of international acceptance in 1967 when a young singer named Marcia Griffiths broke through with Feel Like Jumping, an uptempo song for producer Clement Dodd.

Forty years later, Griffiths is still making hit songs. She may be approaching 60 but she remains young at heart and can still rock with the youngest of them.

Recently, VP Records released Melody Life, a two-CD collection of 30 songs that tracks Griffiths' career to the days of Dodd's Studio One, to her time with producers Harry 'Harry J' Johnson, Lloyd Charmers and Sonia Pottinger in the 1970s.

Most of the second disc covers the 1990s when Griffiths' career enjoyed a renaissance at producer Donovan Germain's Penthouse Records.

Melody Life (the name of one of her hits at Studio One) is not just a tribute to Griffiths' staying power, but shows her refusal to be linked to a particular sound or era.

The Studio One songs reflect the party mood of post-Independence Jamaica. Her work with Pottinger is homage to the social impact Rastafarianism had on the country's popular culture during the 1970s, when Griffiths toured the world as a member of the I-Three, Bob Marley's backup group.

Rubbing shoulders

While most of her contemporaries were relegated to the oldies circuit in the 1990s, Griffiths was rubbing shoulders with the new wave of dancehall acts. With Germain at the helm, she had an energetic chart run, recording with Penthouse regulars like Buju Banton and Wayne Wonder.

Two collaborations from that period, Live On with Beres Hammond and Half Idiot (with Cutty Ranks), are included on Melody Life.

One of the high points of Marcia Griffiths' endurance is her ability to fit in. She is just as comfortable performing at 'vintage' shows like Heineken Startime or contemporary roots events such as East Fest.

No matter the demographic, the reception to songs like Feel Like Jumping, Dreamland or I Shall Sing is the same: rapturous.

No matter the demographic, the reception to songs is the same: rapturous.

Ghanaians celebrate Bob Marley

Ghana Music News Photos | Reggae Lenged Bob Marley  |  Bob Marley.jpg
Reggae Lenged Bob Marley

Myth about Bob Marley remains in music and philosophy. Last friday marked the 26th anniversary of Bob Marley as one of the greatest music legends of all time.

As a tradition, many radio and FM stations, night clubs and theatres have been running programmes to pay tribute to him.

By all standards the late Bob Marley is comparable with other music mortals like Elvis Presley, Sam Cooke, John Lennon of Beatles fame and Jim Hendrix.

However there is an extraordinary force in Marley’s music synonymous with rhythmic eloquence in thought and philosophy which goes to distinguish him from other legends.

To prove this, a decade ago when Island records released a catalogue on a cassette disc format, Marley turned the charts upside down, shook and leapt on to the pinnacle of the charts with meritorious speed.

‘The legend,’ an album of a compilation of his memorable hits out sold everything previously released in his life time.

Globally his unique style and poly rhythmic music stirred not only romantic hearts but also conscientise the human race and even gingered the effort of politicians in their strife to find peace, justice and freedom.

It is indeed an irony of history that Zimbabwe whose President Robert Mugabe acknowledged the musical resourcefulness of Bob Marley and extended an invitation to him with a government guarantee and a role to play at the country’s independence ceremony in April 27 years ago, should now be seen as being diametrically opposed to the very freedom for which the reggae legend was expected to harp on, when he sang among other tracks, Zimbabwe, being connotative of political independence and dignity of man at the ceremony.

The effect which his album ‘Survival’ released in 1979 including ‘Zimbabwe’ ‘so much trouble in the world,’ ‘Stand up get up’ underscores a common thing about him that he defiantly scorn mistreatment, injustice done to people and always showed a disgust with a swelling tide of fury at such things.

Bob Marley inspires artistes
15 May, 2007

GABORONE - Botswanas Rastafarian community converged on Gaborone Civic Centre on Saturday to celebrate the life of Robert Nesta Marley commonly known as Bob Marley.

The commemoration of Bob Marleys life was a fitting celebration for the man who has affected all people of all races and ages.

The man still leaves through his music and it does not look like he will ever disappear from the music industry.

Marley, who died 26 years ago, still gets the respect of Rastafarians and reggae music lovers as he had contributed tremendously to the music genre and the religion of Rastafarism.

The show at the civic centre started at a slow pace with just a few spectators in the afternoon but as the night approaches the hall was filled with people from all ages.

The show had a predominantly reggae line up but was diverse as kwaito music (Mapetla), kwasa-kwasa (Chris Manto 7) and hip-hop (Steez) were all represented.

Among the reggae greats were Steppin Razor and Oom G, Jah Revelation Sounds, Jahman States and Chanty Killa.

One of the organisers of the show Ras Kabelo Mokgalajwe said Bob Marley stood for Africaness so the inclusion of musicians from different genres was to show unity among all artists.

We wanted to promote African consciousness and talent, he said. Mokgalajwe also stated that the show was organised to celebrate the life of a great man, a musician and a true ambassador of African culture.

All the musicians and the spectators alike admitted that Marley has influenced their lives one way or the other.

In his words, Mapetla said I listen to Bobs songs before I write mine so as to get inspiration from this great musician.

Mapetla further stated that he did not get any payment for this show, as he wanted to pay his respect to the legend Bob Marley.

Chris Manto 7 said he sings his songs in his native Hambukushu as Marleys encouragement of Africans to maintain their African culture inspired him.

Steez who gave quite a performance as he managed to get the reggae loving audience to transcend and listen to his good hip-hop songs said, Marley is a legend that should never be forgotten.

A Rastafarian woman, Sister Rita Maloko, who came with her two children, Dimpho,7, and Thabo, 12, said Bob was a great man and he deserves the respect from the entire world as he has touched all people of all races through his powerful music. BOPA

One Love!

The Voice (Francistown)15 May 2007

Botswana's local Rastafarian community is pulling on all stops to host a show in honour of their hero figure, Robert Bob Nesta Marley.

The show, which coincides with the fallen legend's International day (May 12), will be held at the Civic Centre tomorrow (Saturday).

Hosted with the help of Bhingi Vibe Productions and Erad Cashan Squad, the gig will among other artistes feature Stepping Razor, Jah Revelation Sounds, Jahman States, DT, Mapetla, Chris Manto 7, Steez.

The anticipated show which kicks off at 1500hrs will also offer the audience a chance to learn about Marley's history as well as his significant role in international politics and his influences in spiritual forces.

There will also be an exhibition of reading materials such as books, pamphlets, thesis' and biographies.

A spokesman for the Rasta Community, Dithuso Selepeng, noted that patrons would also be treated to different teachings pertaining to spiritual enlightenment.

"We are going to have all the bands sharing the stage to sing one of Marley's outstanding hits called One Love. Most of the music at this show will be centered around the Reggae hero."

Rudie believes that Marley was a hero figure, in the classic mythological sense. His departure (May 11) from this planet came at a point when his vision of One World, One Love - inspired by his belief in Rastafari - was beginning to be heard and felt. The last Bob Marley and the Wailers tour in 1980 attracted the largest audiences at that time for any musical act in Europe.

Bob's story is that of an archetype, which is why it continues to have such a powerful and ever-growing resonance: it embodies political repression, metaphysical and artistic insights, gangland warfare and various periods of mystical wilderness.

And his audience continues to widen: to Westerners, Bob's apocalyptic truths prove inspirational and life changing; in the Third World, his impact goes much further.

Bob Marley never wrote a bad song. He left behind the most remarkable body of recorded work. "The reservoir of music he has left behind is like an encyclopedia," says Selepeng.

"When you need to refer to a certain situation or crisis, their will always be a Bob Marley song that will relate to it. Bob was a musical prophet."

It goes without saying that Jamaica has produced an artist who has transcended all categories, classes, and creeds through a combination of innate modesty and profound wisdom. Jah Bless!

Marley Celebrated
New Vision (Kampala) 14 May 2007
Posted to the web 15 May 2007
Kampala

Winne Ngabirye receives her prize from Shem Semambo as Tshaka Mayanja looks on

MANY stories have been told about Bob Marley, the man believed to have started the reggae music genre, which has helped spawn many other derivatives. Although he passed away 26 years ago on May 11, many people still love his music.

Last Friday's Tuff Gong Night in Ange Noir discothèque fell on exactly the same date as that of the reggae icon and as expected, there was reason to celebrate. Scores of frenzied revellers, many great fans of Marley, could not hide their joy while on the dance floor.

Be it corporate or lower class, reggae music has no boundaries. Kenya's King Tubbs of King Lion Sounds and Ange Noir's Mark Rebel alongside Ras Klan spun the wheels of steel like Reggae was born in Uganda. Good "chunes" is what was on most of the patrons' lips in reference to the music played.

This Friday will be the Gals Nights Out and there will be prizes from African Woman Magazine and Sylvia Owori Fashions, but only for lucky ones

Bob Marley album to be re-released

Tuesday, May 15 2007, 12:02 BST

By Matt Houghton

The legendary Bob Marley album Exodus is to be re-released on USB Memory Stick and Micro SD Card.

It has been reissued to coincide with the album's 30th anniversary and is to be the first artist-specific album to be released on the two unprecedented formats.

The memory sticks will be made available from June 4th, and will be issued in the rastafarian colours, red, green and gold.

A special edition DVD will also hit the shelves for Bob Marley fans, in addition to a book to mark the occasion.
bob Marley's Exodus Released On USB Stick
In a pioneering move...

By: Jason Gregory on 14/05/2007 15:10:27

Island records have announced plans to re-release Bob Marley’s pioneering album, ‘Exodus,’ on June 4th.

Reissued to coincide with the album's 30th anniversary, amongst traditional formats, ‘Exodus,’ will be available on USB Memory Stick and Micro SD Card - the first artist-specific album to be released on both formats.

The limited edition USB Memory Stick is limited to 4000 copies and comes in the Rastafarian colours of red, green and gold. The multi-compatible Micro SD Card will be limited to 2000 copies.

As well as the album, a specially-packaged 30th Anniversary DVD of ‘Exodus Live at the Rainbow’ will be released on June 18th and a commemorative book - which includes the album - will hit shops on June 7th.

May 14, 2007
Music Review | Stephen Marley

Got Reggae: Marley and Marley (and Marley, Too)

Rahav Segev for The New York Times

Stephen Marley, left, was joined by his brother Damian Jr. Gong Marley on Friday night at the Nokia.

Rahav Segev for The New York Times

Stephen Marley interspersed his own songs with hits like "One Love" and "Jammin'" by his father, Bob Marley, on Friday at the Nokia Theater.


For brand recognition, the best family name in popular music may well be Marley. Bob Marley’s reggae hits are instant singalongs for multiple generations of listeners worldwide — feel-good music that lets fans equate dance grooves and ganja smoke with political and spiritual righteousness.

Bob Marley’s singing sons — including Stephen Marley, who headlined a sold-out show at the Nokia Theater on Friday night with his brother Damian Jr. Gong Marley as special guest — have latched on to their father’s vocal style and his mix of idealism and pleasure. Stephen has a strong share of the Marley voice, grainy with yearning and determination, and he adds some quirky timing of his own.

Stephen and Damian have been melding their father’s legacy with music that has spread since his death in 1981: the rhymes and electronic tracks of hip-hop and Jamaican dancehall ragga. Both brothers perform on Stephen’s hit “The Traffic Jam,” a ragga song about being stopped by cops who smell marijuana and envy their luxury car. Damian’s music leans toward dancehall while preserving a social conscience, and Stephen’s current album, “Mind Control” (Tuff Gong/Universal Republic), sometimes blends his father’s roots-reggae grooves with the ominous minor chords of gangsta rap. Mr. Cheeks, a New York rapper, joined him onstage for “Iron Bars.”

But for much of his set, Stephen Marley made clear that he was in the family business. His band was modeled on the Wailers, playing steadfast 1970s-style reggae, and he alternated his own songs with his father’s familiar hits. (Since the Nokia Theater has a Broadway address, he couldn’t resist opening with Bob’s “Reggae on Broadway.”) Songs like “No Woman No Cry,” “One Love” and “Jammin’ ” are surefire, and Mr. Marley sang them as well as anyone; the audience enthusiastically joined in. But singing so much of his father’s material made him more like an oldies act than he needs to be.

His band replaced the minimal electronic beat of “The Traffic Jam” with a more standard live dancehall vamp. Backdating the music didn’t affect the roar of approval when Damian Marley arrived onstage. He took over the band for his own songs, among them “Pimpa’s Paradise,” which warns against crack addiction, and “Welcome to Jamrock,” which depicts crime alongside Jamaica’s tourist paradise.

With Damian chanting rhymes and Stephen singing choruses, the music turned contemporary; it was not always as rich as Bob Marley’s, but not nostalgic either. For the finale, Stephen fervently sang his father’s “Exodus,” and Damian reappeared with rapid-fire rhymes from his dancehall update on it, “Move!” They were holding, and extending, the family franchise.

The opening act, K’naan, brought his own social statements. He grew up in Somalia before coming to Harlem, and he rapped and sang — over djembe drumming, acoustic guitar and Ethiopian funk — about violence in the streets of Mogadishu and about facing the worst with a smile and a sense of purpose.

Rastafari - co-opted by politics


SIZZLA

Today, Sizzla continues his reflections on Rastafari with a look at the relationship between politics and Rasta.

"In the last election Prime Minister X went to Ethiopia and met with the King of Kings and had a conversation with him. He came back to Jamaica and showed the people a rod, which he said was given to him by the King, Haile Selassie the First, to bring freedom to the black people of Jamaica. He carried that rod all around during the campaign. The Rastafarians heard this; the dreadlocks heard this; and this rod caused him to win a landslide victory for the party.

The Prime Minister came to power talking like a Rastafarian. He started some progressive moves on behalf of the African peoples of this country. But after a while he forgot the rod; he forgot to talk about Africa; he forgot to talk about the Rastafarians.

The other party was so anti-black that not even Elijah Muhammad could enter Jamaica as a black man. Today, it is a little better; there is freedom of speech for I and I. As you see, we even got the Marcus Garvey Park to use. Here and there we have seen a little change on the part of the government but not enough to bring the black masses out of the slums they are in right now."(Barrett 180)

This quote, along with numerous other readings, sparks interest in the political scene and situation surrounding Jamaica, Rastafarianism and reggae music in the 1970s and what it holds for the upcoming elections. It seems to me, despite the economic shambles of Jamaica and the staunch and deliberate refusal of Rastafarians to participate in 'politricks', that politics has had a deep impact on any and every aspect of life in Jamaica. A better understanding of Jamaica's political parties, what they stood for, why they sparked gruesome violence, and their impact on Rastafarians and reggae music are necessary.

At this earlier time Rastafarianism was gradually gaining attention in Jamaica. Although typically Rastafarians didn't participate in politics, the politicians were somewhat successful in wriggling their way into the Rastafarian scene through icons, music, language and symbols.

Prime Minister Manley's relationship with Bob Marley gained him support and admiration with many Jamaicans. Manley politics and Marley's music were integrated during the rule of the PNP, with Manley and Marley even living as neighbours on Hope Road. During the first four years of the Manley regime, Marley gave many free performances at the request of the PNP - two of the most significant being the 'Smile Jamaica Concert' in 1976 and the 'One Love Peace Concert' in 1978. Just prior to the Smile Jamaica Concert, Marley, his wife Rita, and his manager Don Taylor, were shot by gunmen at Bob's home on Hope Road. Many believe that this shooting was carried out by Jamaica Labour Party supporters although no concrete evidence has ever been brought forth to support this belief.

Stellenbosch's Rastas say they 'puff' ganja
Kerry McCatty
Sunday, May 13, 2007

STELLENBOSCH, South Africa - Stellenbosch is probably the last place one would expect to see a chanting Rasta man draped in red, green and gold, obligatory rod in hand and carrying a boom box playing Bob Marley's Soul Rebel.

The South African college town is one of terrace restaurants, expensive boutiques. It is the kind of romantic, Hollywood artist pad, which, come to think of it, is probably the reason we found Zebulon Tafari there.

Rueben Tafari (left) and Ras Simon.

"You have to give me something for the picture," Tafari shouted as he saw the camera. Ten Rands gets him talking. His speech, one of a sing-song, rehearsed, high-pitched nature, is littered with 'I mans,' and proclamations that "Rasta is the right order".

Tafari, who is South African by birth, is one of roughly 300 Rastafarians living in and around Stellenbosch, according to another Rasta, Rueben Tafari.
The Rastafarians are members of the Nyabingi order, Ruben Tafari, who was selling assorted wares under a tree with his friend Ras Simon, said.

They share practices associated with Rastafarianism, such as smoking marijuana. Correction: "We don't smoke, we puff," Rueben Tafari, pointed out. Born into African ethnic groups, the Rastas of Stellenbosch have chosen the faith for a simple reason.

"Rasta livity is good livity. It is a African levity," Ras Simon said. Zebulon Tafari shared similar sentiments.
"I stand for the right of Jah," Zebulon said, explaining that he was involved in illegal activities and his life was lost, "but God pick me up".

Soon, Tafari was giving a street side homily. He doesn't really work, but gets some money from tourists who want to take his picture. He also sells 'ital' food occassionally.
"I don't worry," Tafari said.

Marley lives in Motherland
published: Sunday | May 13, 2007


Rastafarian vendor, Margaret 'Sister Yellow' Thays (left) and her children, Zebulon (second left) and Philoireen, at their mini sidewalk shop near Cape Point, in Cape Town, South Africa. - Janet Silvera/Freelance Photographer

Janet Silvera, Senior Gleaner Writer

Sun City, South Africa:

It has been 62 years since Cedella Booker gave birth to Robert Nesta Marley and, 26 years following his death, Jamaica's king of reggae, Bob Marley, is still revered by Black South Africans,who survived the cruel apartheid system.

"Bob was the person who kept me sane, especially during the period of oppression," Ngou Nthengeni, a South African porter, who resides in Soweto, the city of contrasts, told The Sunday Gleaner.

Ngou's English name is Patrick, and he is duly branded 'Patrick Marley' by his colleagues at the posh five-star Michaelangelo Hotel where he works, in Joburg (Johannesburg).

"I am constantly preaching the gospel of Rastafarian and one love to those around me, so it was automatic for them to tag me with the name of my hero," he said.

From 1980 to 1991 was an especially difficult time for blacks to make anything of their lives in South Africa, but through the music of Bob Marley, Nthengeni said he was given hope and a chance to see the light.

Segregation

Equal opportunity was a word that Nthengeni heard being bandied about, but at no time did he experience it. "We were not allowed to go to the same toilet as the whites, not allowed to travel on the same buses, even in the shops there were two queues," he said.

During this period, he said he felt like a lost sheep in his own country, and he saw no hope of betterment as blacks were at the bottom of the ladder, having to remain there while the whites stood at the top, coloureds ruled the second rung and Indians on the third.

"Having black skin was such an awful thing. I felt small, but Bob lifted me up spiritually through his songs, One Love, Africa Unite and Redemption Song, and made me big. He was my light, the passageway through which I would find salvation," Nthengeni said.

Ngou 'Patrick Marley' Nthengeni said he is richer today because of the influence of Bob. "I learnt about love, peace and harmony from him," he said.

Like Nthengeni, a young professional, who now owns a number of companies in Johannesburg, was empowered by the Jamaican icon.

Collin Mangena, a Zimbabwean, who has spent the latter part of his adult life in South Africa, said the inspiration drawn from Bob Marley spans his entire life. "I identify him with Zimbabwe's independence, as he gave one of his last performances on our Independence Day. I subsequently grew up to One Love and Is This Love. The latter helped my wife and me through a very difficult time financially," he said.

Today, he lives by the songs Satisfy My Soul and Jammin', which define the state of his life and mindset. Through Bob Marley, Mangena said, God gave him inspiration, hope and a sense of brotherhood as a black person, and with songs like Redemption Song and Buffalo Soldier he was introduced to Jamaica.

"Every man of my generation has gone through their Rastafarian stage, courtesy of Bob Marley and The Wailers. No artiste has done that to the world since," he said.

Jamaica, Bob Marley land

In every city and rural township in South Africa visited by The Sunday Gleaner, as soon as the people knew the newspaper was based in Jamaica, the next words to come out of their mouths were "Jamaica Bob Marley land".

With immense pride and love for their acclaimed idol, one coloured South African, Arthur Arries, who was forced to live with persons of his hue during apartheid, admitted marrying a black woman because he was following in the footsteps of Marley, whose wife, Rita, has dark skin as well.

Arries, a restaurant manager in Stellenbosch, Cape Town, said he was attracted to Marley's humility, and will to fight.

As early as age 17, he had become an ardent fan and today remains one of the biggest. He said Marley achieved a very important milestone before he died. "He said we were to stop the fighting, through his album, Uprising, and it was obvious that he had accepted a lot of things before he died," Arries said.

"I too lost a lot of hatred I had for whites then," he admitted.

Today, Rastafarianism is growing in South Africa, as a number of youngsters embrace the faith and most who look up to Haile Selassie as their God, saying that Bob Marley is their inspiration.

Margaret 'Sister Yellow' Thays, a Rastafarian for more than 20 years, said there was much hypocrisy in the country as theirs were the only belief that was not accepted. "They treat us like castaways. I don't know why they say there is freedom of religion," she lamented.

The mother of two, who is a vegetarian and does not believe in birth control, proudly displays a large piece of cotton material with Bob Marley's face on it. Her head in wrapped in a turban, her children are of the faith and she smokes marijuana daily.

"That is daily sacrifice and I smoke only high-grade marijuana," Thays said.

As she continues to give 'ises', she makes no bones about being the watchwoman, who sits beneath two columns in the hot winter sun at the entrance of Africa (Cape Point). She makes sure to identify her location with "this is where Babylon entered our land to invade our continent. It's where the oceans clash".

Marleys mellow mood

Gabriel Singh
Sunday, May 13, 2007

BOB Marleys influence on Fiji was, and is, immeasurable. He paved the way for the greatest era in local music, giving birth to an unrivalled passion and creativity.

Marley, the Rastafarian modern-day prophet and undisputed king of reggae died aged 36 this week 26 years ago, leaving behind a legacy of empowerment for the down-trodden of the world.

In stepping into eternal life and claiming his seat on the left hand of Jah, Marley became larger than in life.

Today, his influence continues to spread despite the efforts of the establishment to portray reggae and Rasta as marijuana mania.

Although reggae arrived in Fiji as early as the mid-1970s, it was largely ignored by the then still rock-loving locals.

There was little original work emanating here, although bands like the Dragon Swingers, Ulysses, Red Fink and Tumbling Dice, to name but a few, had enviable reputations as full-blown rock outfits.

Tourists arriving off cruise liners would clog the Golden Dragon nightclub and later Lucky Eddies to check the sounds of the premier groups that were making waves across the Pacific.

It was not unusual to find even larger crowds, often young, under age people, sitting outside the clubs to, as the Dobbie Brothers sing, Listen to the music.

But, while the country rocked and rolled on, roots rock was slowly but surely spreading it primal pulse among those very young people, many of whom would grow up basking in Marleys shadow.

Pockets of adherents were already gathering in the homes of the lucky few who had LPs or audio cassettes of albums like Burnin, which with songs like Small Axe, and its powerful biblical references, struck a deep chord in all who heard.

Little was known of Marley then, there were hardly any images of him available, certainly none in the media here.

Today, Marleys image is everywhere from Tee-shirts to banners and posters even in a supposedly religiously Christian State, the Rasta prophets visage outranks that of Christ himself in popularity.

With the advent of video, people began seeing the man himself in some of his greatest performances.

Countryman did for reggae here what Woodstock had for rock globally. But, it was Marleys very death and his disco-challenging Uprising album that finally emancipated the minds music lovers here.

Suva, at the time, was as wild as the West. Gang fights erupted violently, engulfing neighbourhoods.

Youths on every street, every suburb deemed it their duty to be brutally, even mindlessly macho.

Best of friends in school would often find themselves in the middle of pitched battles facing each other, knowing any backing down would lead to his own gang turning on him.

It was a time when one trod very, very lightly when on any turf other than ones home turf and even there, there was always a downpresser man.

In that pressure cooker atmosphere, Marley and his reggae had a startlingly calming influence on the youth, no doubt because with Marley came a greater desire to experiment with marijuana.

But marijuana had been around in Fiji for a long time before. The Fiji-Indian community is littered with tales of their ancestors squatting on the sands of Nukulau, the quarantine base for indentured labourers, and whacking a chillum at sunset, wondering where into the green mass they could see across the horizon they would be sent.

Before reggae, with its magnetic pull, drew marijuana out into the open, it was pun-pun, the sniffing of benzene, from which the ghetto and inner city youth graduated to booze. It was the perfect combination for igniting the mindless gang wars.

Redemption Song changed all that. For once, the youth sat and listened. Having a toke helped in slowing them enough so they could not only listen but actually hear. Suddenly everybody started latching onto the Jamaican patois. More importantly, it put to end gang wars over nothing.

In a miraculous transformation, rival youths could actually sit and do something together other than fight.

The common denominator was reggae and Marley, Tosh, Wailer, Jacob Miller, I Jah Man all the early angels and saints who pioneered what is today the most popular genre in Fiji.

Suddenly people couldnt get enough of the Tuff Gong.

Fittingly, it was Exodus, no not the Marley album rated by Time Magazine as the Album of the 20th Century, but the pioneering groupies from what was then known as Tombstone.

Led largely by the Heatley and Moore clans, Exodus took reggae public in Fiji, coming in from the cold to astound a generally conservative society.

They quickly established a reputation and a following.

Fittingly, Exodus is still the only reggae band still alive today.

Following Exodus came the greatest band this country has ever seen Rootstrata, whose blend of socially conscious music was decades ahead of its time. Rootstrata, which has given us Pacific anthems like Brother Kanaki, Unemp Lament, Warrior of Love and Street People led a pack of biting reggae sounds.

At the 1987 Cyclone ReggAid, Rootstrata headlined the 12-act charity gig where, for the first time, all of Fijis top reggae acts appeared under one roof. Then band leader Freddy Fesaitu even penned a special song for the concert to raise money for victims of Cyclone Raja.

By then Ben Rabaka had split Roots to drive the rhythm section of the deadly Kings Knights, a young Stephen Heatley brought Purple Haze, Exodus was still pushing its powerful sound and even Gabby Abarigas Gypsies joined the jam.

The then Governor General, Ratu Sir Penaia Ganilau, who opened the show, was deeply impressed by the wealth of talent, even asking one of the organisers whether that overpowering aroma smell in the then National Gymnasium was marijuana, jokingly saying it smelt better than cigarettes.

Ratu Sir Penaia was even more impressed when the proceeds of the show were handed over to him at Government House a month later that he asked to make arrangements for Rootstrata to join the army jazz band to play at that years Queens Birthday garden party.

Sadly, a month later a crazy colonel raped this country, unleashing a greed and sowing the seeds for a racism we are still reeling from today.

Of them all, Rootstrata stands the tallest for producing outstandingly original work, with even a tribute to Marley called Brother Bob Marley made up by putting lines from Marleys songs into a totally new song.

A few years earlier they had been the first group to have a concert at the Suva Civic Auditorium broadcast live nationally over Radio Fiji.

But that song was the first tribute to Marley song I heard and remains by far the best, although theres some new stuff cooking in a part of Raiwaqa that everyone should be raving about in the not too distant future, hopefully.

Rastafari.

BOB Marleys mother, Cedella Marley Booker, now 81, believes her son was killed.

The Rastafarian prophet and reggae pioneer who has given a meaning in life to millions of people across the world died this week 26 years ago, aged 36.

His death, at the prime of his career, shocked family, friends, music lovers and the Rasta faithful.

Marley died in Miami on his way back to Jamaica after undergoing a radical cancer treatment in the then West Germany.

The matriarch Marley, pictured below, who now lives in Florida, in an interview with the Classical Reggae Interviews website, lamented the death of her world-changing son, the Third Worlds greatest hero.

On Marleys untimely death, she said: "I dont think that Bob have cancer. If Bob have cancer, I think it was injected in him in some way.

"I really do think so. I dont think he really had cancer."

She does not say who she means by "they" but her claims add fuel to Rasta suspicions that Marley, whose rise, progress and growing influence over the world was viewed with alarm by the Central Intelligence Agency, did not die a natural death.

She believes Marley was "got at" in Miami. "

I leave all vengeance to God," she said.

Recognise Asante Amen
By Debra Edwards Observer writer
Friday, May 11, 2007

"Mi nuh conquer no whey if mi nuh conquer mi yard, I am a Jamaican and would like to get recognition here," stated the self-proclaimed son of the soil and reggae artiste Asante Amen, with regards to his musical accomplishments and notable fan base abroad, but less-than-stellar acknowledgment here in his homeland of Jamaica.

Asante Amen

He continued, "The game is not easy in Jamaica, it is not just about talent, money talks. Many DJs don't grasp that if they played your music one time a day just on the basis of talent, it could make so much of a difference". With this understanding the 29-year-old lecturer of Cognitive Psychology at UWI, who made sure to get his education first, knowing that "academia is key", has tried to find innovative ways of getting his music heard with the help of, most recently, online marketing and the use of websites such as Myspace, on the advice of fellow reggae artiste Tony Rebel.

Asante explained that he has always had a passion for music, but began singing at his local church, school, fetes, birthday parties and weddings at the age of 12. His influences are first and foremost Jah, but include Chicago, UB40, Michael Jackson, Freddie Jackson, Marvin Gaye, Whitney Houston and Mariah Carey. But it is none other than Garnett Silk who he considers to be "a prophet whose life was cut short", who made him want to become a Rastafarian and sing reggae music.

"Reggae needs an ambassador that can articulate the views of Rastafari, Jamaica and reggae music, and I am that man." The Wolmer's high school alumnus sees himself as "an undiluted type of energy", which he has proven with his debut single entitled Ras Tafari's Love on the One Drop Music label, the 60th birthday celebration of Bob Marley's life in February 2005, and at Rebel Salute in January 2006.

Where does Asante Amen see the music taking him in the future? He says, "To the ends of the earth, bringing a resurgence with spiritual reggae to a fever pitch like Garnett Silk did in the 90s."

Bob Marley not just a Cultural Ambassador

If he had done nothing but record Catch a Fire, Bob Marley would still be known as the person who introduced reggae music to millions of Americans.

But more than just a cultural ambassador, Robert Nesta Marley was a fabulously talented songwriter who could mix protest music and undeniable pop as skilfully as Bob Dylan; even before Marley’s death at age 36, he was becoming a true culture hero — the first major rock artist to come out of a Third World country.

More than 20 years on, his records sound as fresh as ever, something proved every week by the astonishing continued sales of his greatest-hits package Legend.

Although Marley is best known for the string of memorable albums he recorded during the ‘70s, the original Wailers — Marley, Peter Tosh, and Neville “Bunny Wailer” Livingston — were a leading Jamaican vocal trio in the ‘60s, cutting R&B-flavored sides with distinctive island rhythms.

The development of the Wailers into a self-contained band mirrors the evolution of reggae itself; gradually, the group shook off the singles-minded approach of the early Jamaican studios and forged an expansive new groove from established local styles like ska, mento, and bluebeat.

Emerging as a fiery topical songwriter and spiritually compelling frontman, Marley led the Wailers to international acclaim with the release of two startling albums in 1973.

With stalwart bassist Aston “Family Man” Barrett and drummer Carlton Barrett pumping out incendiary “riddims” behind the Wailers’ smoky harmonies, Catch a Fire is a blazing debut.

“Concrete Jungle” and “Slave Driver” crackle with streetwise immediacy, while “Kinky Reggae” and “Stir It Up” (a pop hit for Johnny Nash in ‘73) revel in the music’s vast capacity for good-time skanking.

“Stop That Train” and “400 Years,” both written by Peter Tosh, indicate the original Wailers weren’t strictly a one-man show. Burnin’ glows even hotter; “Get Up, Stand Up” backs its activist message with an itchy, motivating beat.

“I Shot the Sheriff” (covered by Eric Clapton in 1974) and “Small Axe” show Marley’s verbal and melodic skills growing by leaps and bounds; he expertly blends personal testimony with political philosophy to make enduring points about institutionalized racism.

Tosh and Livingston left for solo careers after that album and were effectively replaced by the “I-Threes” trio: Marcia Griffiths, Rita Marley (Mrs. Bob), and Judy Mowatt. Natty Dread captures the refurbished Wailers at an ambitious peak.

“No Woman, No Cry” features Marley’s most soulful vocal performance; while avoiding crippling despair, “Them Belly Full (But We Hungry)” and “Rebel Music (Three o’Clock Roadblock)” articulate the anger of the oppressed and downtrodden; the title track and “So Jah Seh” posit the tangled web of Rastafarian belief without slipping totally into the cosmos. Live! documents a thrilling, tight-as-a-drum 1975 London performance of highlights from the first three albums.

On Rastaman Vibration, Marley starts to fall back on pat formulas and ganja-stoked rhetoric. But the grimly prophetic “War” and the deceptively feel-good “Positive Vibration” stand out on an album that holds up to repeated listening (and dancing).



"So, if you're not too busy at 3.40 p.m. Friday, remember Marley,'' Nicholas St Bernard e-mailed me as he must have e-mailed a million others, reminding us that today marks 26 years since the passing of the "Masta Rasta...at age 36...''

Who is Nicholas St Bernard, you ask? Who, indeed? For a while there, I used to think that he must be the son, or at least related to Eric St Bernard of radio fame, Nicholas knowing more about local radio music programmes than just about anybody I know, "Nikko'' regularly writing things like:

"I personally, first heard of his death, as a likkle yute (little youth) back in 1981, on Tuesday 12th May, while listening to "Projection 3'' with guest host, Eddison Carr. He played the live version of Bob Marley & The Wailers' "Exodus'' from the Babylon by Bus double album, and informed listeners that the brethren (Marley) died the day before (Monday 11th May), at 3.40 pm.....''

Listeners like myself back then, learnt Bob was born on February 6, 1945 in Jamaica, and had met his father twice. Bob Marley left to mourn his mother, his wife Rita, and children, Ziggy (David) and Stephen, among others.... Songs played during the tribute were "Trenchtown Rock,'' "No woman No Cry," "Exodus," "Three Little Birds," "I Shot the Sheriff," "Rat Race," "War," and the "live" versions of "Positive Vibrations" and "Lively Up Yourself."

"Both Steveland Morris in 1980, on the track, "Master Blaster (Jammin')," and Sister Sledge paid tribute to the brethren. There were other tribute songs to Marley, almost immediately following his death. There was "Symphony of Love" by Patti Austin, a track from her 1981 Every Home Should Have One album. The year after Marley's death, 1982, Lord Melody (the late Fitzroy Alexander), sang on the reggae legend with the track, "Bob Marley", featured on his Brown Sugar album....''

Sweet serendipity. Without reference to any of this, one day this week I said to some young people:

"What would I do to hear a new Bob Marley song now!"

It was not that I had grown tired of the Marley music that there is. It is that like so many of the world I have long grieved over the fact that he died so young, presumably with so many songs still in him, Cindy Breakespeare, the Jamaican "Miss World'' who became his lover and mother of one of his children, recounting in one of the books written about him, how as they sat together at night he would break into song, only to forget the next morning both the melody and the lyrics - ganja having a way of doing that to you.

"He would tell me,'' Cindy said, "you mean you didn't write down the words?''

Well, of course, she didn't and I remember her ruefully lamenting in the passage of the said book:

"When I think of all those lovely songs just disappearing in the air.''

Interestingly enough, the young 'uns to whom I had expressed a yearning to hear a new Bob Marley song had an answer:

"Then,'' they said, "you now have to listen to his children's,'' one of them rushing to tell me that the magazine Rolling Stone had described one of them - Stephen Marley, I think it was, or it must have been Damian - as "the best reggae singer of the decade.''

So now even as I write I am looking forward to playing for at least some part of today, songs from Damian's Welcome to Jamrock album including "Confrontation'' (now that title has a Marleyesque ring to it), "The Master Has Come Back'' (Jah, could that be what I think it will be?), "Road to Zion'' and, of course, his cover of "Pimper's Paradise'' from Bob's Uprising album which I remember hearing for the first time in Almond Drive, Morvant, Muhammad Shabazz and me exulting with the neighbourhood, Marley "hot on the box'', as Stevie Wonder had sung some time earlier.

Also on today's playlist is Stephen's Mind Control album with the title song, "Officer Jimmy", "Chase Dem", "Let Her Dance'' among the others which again the young 'uns among you are certain to know and feel better than me. Still, I am going to keep an open mind, not really expecting that the junior Marleys would ever match their senior (How could they? Born or at least growing up in wealth how could they feel the pain of that Trench Town sufferer) but just to see how far did these fruits drop from the ackee tree.

Marley's Memorial Gigs Lined Up

The Herald (Harare)


NEWS
11 May 2007
Posted to the web 11 May 2007
Harare

IT'S commemoration time and people from all walks of life celebrate the illustrious life of the late reggae music legend Robert "Bob" Nesta Marley who died on this day 26 years ago.

In Zimbabwe, numerous commemorative gigs have been lined up to pay tribute to Marley's life and music with two major shows to be held at the Kebab Centre in Harare tonight and another in the Harare Gardens tomorrow afternoon.


Ras Jabu Trevor Hall, Potato, Bootkin Klan and Sister Sunshine among others will feature at the Kebab show while Assegai Crew, Crucial Mix and Sniper among a host of other reggae artistes will spice up tomorrow's show.

In the sungura realm, Hosiah Chipanga -- whose new album Sahwira Wenyika that carries the hit song Ngoda and has sent many tongues wagging -- teams up with Alick Macheso to invade Chegutu Arms for a musical romance tonight where Kapfupi will partner them.

The three sungura musicians head for Takashinga Cricket Club in Highfield (Machipisa) tomorrow where they will entertain Fiyo -- Highfield -- fans.

Club M5 in Westlea tonight celebrates its fifth anniversary and BV Labien Musica will entertain revellers.

Labien Musica engages Letwin Berebende at Babylon Night Club in Tafara tomorrow night.

This marks the end of Berebende's tour of the country before she returns to the UK.

Isaac Tazvida continues causing "Smoke" around the country with a performance tonight at Pamusasa at Chans in Hatfield.

Tazvida completes his weekend performance with a show pitting him against Takesure Muronzi of Pasi Vanhu Mbira Group at Sunningdale Bar tomorrow night.

An Battle of Supremacy looms as Nicholas Zakaria clashes with Alick Macheso far away from the madding crowd at Mutangaz Hideout on Sunday afternoon.

Zakaria plays at Machokoto Nite Club tonight.

Innocent Mjintu -- the man who played with the legendary Leonard Dembo -- performs at Nyaguwa Night Club in Dzivaresekwa 2.

Mjintu and his Zare Music outfit move into the heart of the city for a performance at the Sports Diner tomorrow night where they share the stage with Girls la Musica.

Sonny songmaker Allan Chimbetu leads the Orchestra Dendera Kings for a show at Jimalo Sports Bar in Highfield tonight.

Burly Cephas Mashakada begins his weekend tonight with a performance at Pamview Complex in Willowvale together with Zalabantu, Platinum Queens, Klassic and Iwisa Dance Groups.

Tomorrow, Mashakada performs at Mbizi Night Club in Zengeza 2.

Prince of Sungura First Farai returns to his roots as he takes his act to Chirundu where he plays at Offroad Night Club tonight and tomorrow.

On Sunday, First Farai and his Hurudza Express are at As You Like It Restaurant (KwaZiki) in Karoi where they were nurtured for five years.

Whispers Night Club paGazaland tonight presents Real Sounds of Africa and tomorrow the joint hosts the former Karoi-based Bana des As.

Tomorrow, Bana des As will be happening at Pagomo Ranch.

A clash of dance looms as New Vision Dance Group and Go Girls lock horns tonight at Club Matute in Mbare.

Mawungira Enharira return to their hunting ground -- Book Café -- tonight while Victor Kunonga performs at the Mannenberg.

Leonard Zhakata does his things at Club Mutomba in Glen Norah tonight before taking his act to Dzivaresekwa where he plays at DZ Sports Bar tomorrow night.

Bob Nyabinde performs at the Sports Diner tonight where he shares the stage with Banyana Bafana and Jazz Imbongi.

On Sunday, the joint hosts a Bob Marley Commemoration show featuring Trevor Hall.

Dimond Entertainment with DJ's Flavah and Cut brings back Saturday Night Party at club Synergy tomorrow.

Stars Rainbow towers presents Friday night with DJ's Tich Mataz, Smilez and 4Tune Soul.

The same joint host LXG DJ's -- Dee Nosh, T-Beats and Pee Styles tomorrow night.

Arts and Culture, Travel Talk, Entertainment & Whatagwan, Society, Society & Development

Remembering The King of Reggae Bob Marley
Friday 11th May 2007

Reggae aficionados and rastafarians around the globe will today celebrate in full tilt the anniversary of the death of Bob Marely, the king of reggae. Bob was a giant musical icon whose militant voice has endeared him to many including Africans and Europeans.

In this special edition of ENTERTAINMENT we bring you a detailed profile of the man in recognition of his monumental contribution to the culture of reggae and rastafarianism. Please read on.

Marley (born Robert Nesta Marley) was born in the small village of Nine Mile in the Saint Ann Parish, Jamaica. His father, Norval Sinclair Marley, was a white Jamaican born in 1895 to British parents from Sussex. Norval was a Marine officer and captain, and a plantation overseer, when he married Cedella Booker, an eighteen-year-old black Jamaican, Bob Marley's mother. Norval provided financial support for his wife and child, but seldom saw them, as he was often away on trips. Marley was ten years old when his father died of a heart attack in 1955 at age 60.

Marley suffered racial prejudice as a youth, because of his mixed racial origins,[3] and faced questions about his own racial identity throughout his life. He once reflected:

I don't have prejudice against myself. My father was a white and my mother was black. Them call me half-caste or whatever. Me don't dip on nobody's side. Me don't dip on the black man's side nor the white man's side. Me dip on God's side, the one who create me and cause me to come from black and white.

Marley and his mother moved to Kingston's Trenchtown slum after Norval's death. He was forced to learn self-defense, as he became the target of bullying because of his racial makeup and small stature (5'4" or 163 cm tall). He gained a reputation for his physical strength, which earned him the nickname "Tuff Gong".

Marley became friends with Neville "Bunny" Livingston (later known as Bunny Wailer), with whom he started to play music. He left school at the age of 14 and started as an apprentice at a local welder's shop. In his free time, he and Livingston made music with Joe Higgs, a local singer and devout Rastafari who is regarded by many as Marley's mentor. It was at a jam session with Higgs and Livingston that Marley met Peter McIntosh (later known as Peter Tosh), who had similar musical ambitions.

In 1962, Marley recorded his first two singles, "Judge Not" and "One Cup of Coffee", with local music producer Leslie Kong. These songs, released on the Beverley's label under the pseudonym of Bobby Martell,[4] attracted little attention. The songs were later re-released on the album Songs of Freedom, a posthumous collection of Marley's songs.

Musical career
The Wailers

The Wailers in the mid-1960s. From left to right: Bunny Wailer, Bob Marley, Peter Tosh.

In 1963, Bob Marley, Bunny Livingston, Peter McIntosh, Junior Braithwaite, Beverley Kelso, and Cherry Smith formed a ska and rocksteady group, calling themselves "The Teenagers". They later changed their name to "The Wailing Rudeboys", then to "The Wailing Wailers", and finally to "The Wailers". By 1966, Braithwaite, Kelso, and Smith had left The Wailers, leaving the core trio of Marley, Livingston, and McIntosh.

Marley took on the role of leader, singer, and main songwriter. Much of The Wailers' early work, including their first single Simmer Down, was produced by Coxsone Dodd at Studio One. Simmer Down topped Jamaican Charts in 1964 and established The Wailers as one of the hottest groups in the country. They followed up with songs such as "Soul Rebel" and "400 Years".

In 1966, Marley married Rita Anderson, and moved near his mother's residence in Wilmington, Delaware, for a few months. Upon returning to Jamaica, Marley became a member of the Rastafari movement, and started to wear his trademark dreadlocks (see the religion section for more on Marley's religious views).

After a conflict with Dodd, Marley and his band teamed up with Lee "Scratch" Perry and his studio band, The Upsetters. Although the alliance lasted less than a year, they recorded what many consider The Wailers' finest work. Marley and Perry split after a dispute regarding the assignment of recording rights, but they would remain friends and work together again.

Between 1968 and 1972, Bob and Rita Marley, Peter McIntosh and Bunny Livingston recut some old tracks with JAD Records in Kingston and London in an attempt to commercialize The Wailers' sound. Livingston later asserted that these songs "should never be released on an album . . . they were just demos for record companies to listen to".

The Wailers' first album, Catch A Fire, was released worldwide in 1973, and sold well. It was followed a year later by Burnin', which included the songs "Get Up, Stand Up" and "I Shot The Sheriff". Eric Clapton made a hit cover of "I Shot the Sheriff" in 1974, raising Marley's international profile.

The Wailers broke up in 1974 with each of the three main members going on to pursue solo careers. The reason for the breakup is shrouded in conjecture; some believe that there were disagreements amongst Livingston, McIntosh, and Marley concerning performances, while others claim that Livingston and McIntosh simply preferred solo work. McIntosh began recording under the name Peter Tosh, and Livingston continued as Bunny Wailer.

Bob Marley & The Wailers

Despite the breakup, Marley continued recording as "Bob Marley & The Wailers". His new backing band included brothers Carlton and Aston "Family Man" Barrett on drums and bass respectively, Junior Marvin and Al Anderson on lead guitar, Tyrone Downie and Earl "Wya" Lindo on keyboards, and Alvin "Seeco" Patterson on percussion. The "I Threes", consisting of Judy Mowatt, Marcia Griffiths, and Marley's wife, Rita, provided backing vocals.

In 1975, Marley had his international breakthrough with his first hit outside Jamaica, "No Woman, No Cry" from the Natty Dread album. This was followed by his breakthrough album in the US, Rastaman Vibration (1976), which spent four weeks on the Billboard charts Top Ten.

In December 1976, two days before "Smile Jamaica", a free concert organized by Jamaican Prime Minister Michael Manley in an attempt to ease tension between two warring political groups, Marley, his wife, and manager Don Taylor were wounded in an assault by unknown gunmen inside Marley's home. Taylor and Marley's wife sustained serious injuries, but later made full recoveries. Bob Marley received only minor injuries in the chest and arm. The shooting was thought to have been politically motivated, as many felt the concert was really a support rally for Manley. Nonetheless, the concert proceeded, and an injured Marley performed as scheduled.

Marley left Jamaica at the end of 1976 for England, where he recorded his Exodus and Kaya albums. Exodus stayed on the British album charts for 56 consecutive weeks. It included four UK hit singles: "Exodus", "Waiting In Vain", "Jamming", and also "One Love", a rendition of Curtis Mayfield's hit, "People Get Ready". It was here that he was arrested and received a conviction for possession of a small quantity of cannabis while travelling in London.

Main article: One Love Peace Concert

In 1978, Marley performed at another political concert in Jamaica, the One Love Peace Concert, again in an effort to calm warring parties. Near the end of the performance, by Marley's request, Manley and his political rival, Edward Seaga, joined each other on stage and shook hands.

Survival, a defiant and politically charged album, was released in 1979. Tracks such as "Zimbabwe", "Africa Unite", "Wake Up and Live", and "Survival" reflected Marley's support for the struggles of Africans. In early 1980, he was invited to perform at the April 17 celebration of Zimbabwe's Independence Day.

Uprising (1980) was Bob Marley's final studio album, and is one of his most religious productions, including "Redemption Song" and "Forever Loving Jah".